【Psychology and Life】Chapter 02 — Main Points
* All the following abstractions are excerpted from <Psychology and Life>, Richard J. Gerrig & Philip G. Zimbardo, 19th edition
Chapter 02 — Research Methods in Psychology.
— The Process of Research
In the initial phase of research, observations, beliefs, information, and general knowledge lead to a new way of thinking about a phenomenon. The researcher formulates a theory and generates hypotheses to be tested.
To test their ideas, researchers use the scientific method, a set of procedures for gathering and interpreting evidence in ways that limit errors.
Researchers combat observer biases by standardizing procedures and using operational definitions.
Experimental research methods determine whether causal relationships exist between variables specified by the hypothesis being tested.
Researchers rule out alternative explanations by using appropriate control procedures.
Correlational research methods determine if and how much two variables are related. Correlations do not imply causation.
— Psychological Measurement
Researchers strive to produce measures that are both reliable and valid.
Psychological measurements include self-reports and behavioral measures.
— Ethical Issues in Human and Animal Research
Respect for the basic rights of human and animal research participants is the obligation of all researchers. A variety of safeguards have been enacted to guarantee ethical and humane treatment.
— Becoming a Critical Consumer of Research
Becoming a wise research consumer involves learning how to think critically and knowing how to evaluate claims about what research shows.